Essay Interpretations of American History - 600 Words

Interpretations of American History The world is full of rich culture, diversity and experiences unique to each individual. When determining the validity of historic accounts we must factor in that particular historian’s point of view, which should be characterized by ethnicity, idealogy, theoretical or methodological preference. With these factors views of the past often vary from person to person. In this essay I will be discussing the four different stages that shaped the writing of American history over the last 400 years. According to Couvares, the writing of American history has passed through four stages: the providential, the rationalist, the nationalist, and the professional. The providential stage took place during the†¦show more content†¦Bancroft believed that Anglo-Saxons were racially destined to lead and spread freedom across the globe. With the establishment of John Hopkins University, college education became more common among middle-class Americans, however only wealthy white men still only had access to that kind of education. This new wave of historians insisted that knowledge of history and physics were of equal importance. The final stage of American history and progression according to Couvares, was the professional stage. Professional scholars rose to prominence from 1910-1945. These historians believed that modernity, industrialization, urbanization, and class conflict had fundamentally changed society. Charles Beard argued that â€Å"the constitution was not the product of wise men intent on balancing liberty and order, but a clique of wealthy merchants and landowners who wanted a central government strong enough to defend their privileges against the unruly masses.† (Couvares 77-2). Beard also thought that many of the major conflicts in society were between economic interest groups. Many critics found flaws in his idealogy, but at the same time it inspired them to find answers to questions that plagued the people. Over the past 400 years, these historians all had different stances on how they thought to improve society. With the mix of cultural backgrounds, and ethnicities no two viewpoints will ever be exactly the same. CouvaresShow MoreRelatedInterpretations Of American History, A Collaborative Team Of Four Editors791 Words   |  4 PagesIn Interpretations of American History, a collaborative team of four editors (Francis G. Couvares, Martha Saxton, Gerald N. Grob, and George Athan Billias) seek to educate any student of history on the various perspectives on any one said historical issue. The editors sum up the entire book with â€Å"These volumes reflect our understanding that history is an act of interpretation. † Essentially, this book offers a multitude of benefits for those who wish to further study history, but at the same timeRead MorePsychology Observation Aspects: Biases, Assumptions, and Interpretations833 Words   |  3 PagesIntroduction Biases, assumptions and interpretations affect all areas of study. In Science and History, for example, sexual, racial/cultural and personal experience biases significantly influence research. In addition, Perspectivism can empty research findings of all meaning, depending on whether the researcher believes facts exist independent of perspective. Acceptance of universal Perspectivism, combined with triangulated comparison from several sources, can result in approximate truth. Body Read MoreAnalysis Of The Smithsonians National Museum Of American History1588 Words   |  7 Pagesof interpretation used to depict such a complex topic. In not displaying â€Å"the crude physicality of actual artifacts, or even replicas, Smithsonian curators avoided possible confrontation and accentuated themes and history believed to unite all immigrant groups, regardless of origin or circumstance† (Burns 113). A Nation of Nations could have pushed more at the boundaries of what was considered safe presentation to deal with difficult topics such as minority representations of Native American andRead MoreThe Interpretation Of The South On Alternate Voices, And Gave A Firm Framework On Establishing The Different Perspectives878 Words   |  4 PagesFranklin opened the interpretation of the South to alternate voices, and gave a firm framework on establishing the different perspectives relevant for Woodward’s experiential â€Å"not one South† thesis. 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Each of these distinctions has claimed to come from sources however each identity emphasizes different elements that can appeal to different historians. Many Latin American historians will use the manyRead MoreThe Rights Of A Free State1118 Words   |  5 PagesWerning Mrs. Lobenstein American Lit 2 December 2014 Amendment II â€Å"A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed.† The Right to Bear Arms According to the Second Amendment, in the Bill of Rights, the rights of the people to keep and bear arms have been enacted since December 15th, 1791. 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Furthermore Manning argued that there are threeRead MoreThe Codex Chimalpahin, Interpretation And Critisicm1315 Words   |  6 Pages THE CODEX CHIMALPAHIN, INTERPRETATION AND CRITISICM Christina Kunz Honors World Society in Literature and Film October 1, 2017 Domingo Francisco de San Antà ³n Muà ±Ãƒ ³n was born in the generations that followed the fall of Tenochtitlan, the Aztec capitol, by the conquistadors in 1521 . His catholicized name hides his Nahua background: Chimalpahin Quauhtlehuanitzin . At a young age, Chimalpahin began his education at a Dominican convent in central Mexico. His education included

Essay on Did Gender Make a Difference within Slavery

Did Gender Make a Difference within Slavery? Within slavery there were harsh conditions which Frederick Douglass tries to convey in his biography Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass. Within this narrative he dezribes how men and women slaves were treated differently by their masters. Women were abused by their master, physically, sexually, and mentally, while men were mostly abused physically and mentally. Many slave women suffered regular beatings. Frederick Douglass mentions several different instances where female slaves who he knew where beaten regularly. One of Douglasss first overseers, Mr. Plummer, would beat Douglasss aunt on a daily basis. Mr. Plummer whipped Douglasss aunt so often he began a†¦show more content†¦Men and women alike were physically abused by their masters, deserving or not. Not only did women suffer harsh physical abuse, they were also sexually abused. Many of the masters had relations with their female servants. Frederick Douglasss own father was white, and it was rumored that his father was his original master. Douglass believed the sexual abuse that masters inflicted was done too obviously to administer to their own lusts, and make a gratification of their wicked desires profitable as well as pleasurable (21). He believed female slaves were not only workers for the masters but also outlets for sexual frustration. Women did not only endure sexual abuse by their masters, they also had the responsibility of bearing children to increase their masters wealth. These women were treated as animals, being bought for child bearing. Frederick Douglass exemplifies this attitude toward female slaves through the story of a slave named Caroline. Douglass stated that her master, Mr. Covey bought her, as he said, for a breeder (72). When she produced a set of twins, Mr. Covey seemed to be highly pleased .... nothing they could do for Caroline during her confinement was too good, or too hard to be done (73). Men did not have the misfortune to be used for this purpose. Many male slaves enjoyed the fact that these women were present. It gave them the chance toShow MoreRelatedThe Original Riot Grrrls By Elizabeth Cady Stanton1385 Words   |  6 Pagesfor women in the United States of America, but how did this constitutional change happen? Many females prior to this accomplishment faced struggles from external forces that denied their rights and capabilities. Feminism and equal rights were and still are prominent in American society. In order to provide women of the future what is rightfully theirs, women during the 1700s have taken control of their opinions and used their strong-will to make the necessary changes in American society. During theRead MoreThe Division Of The Nineteenth Century1387 Words   |  6 PagesThe Perpetuated Division in the Nineteenth Century The nineteenth century was an era that a lot of memorable history events had happened. Race, place, gender and class have been perpetuated in this century and have influenced the society from then. White people were obviously living better than black people; big cities always offered more opportunities and chances for people to find jobs; males were admittedly getting jobs easier and having higher salaries than females at that time; people who wereRead MoreIncidents In The Life Of A Slave Girl Essay1604 Words   |  7 PagesHarriet Jones are similar but different in many ways. The narratives tell from the perspective of a man and woman the struggles of slavery and their journey to freedom. Their slave narratives help us to better comprehend the trials and tribulations that happened during slavery. The main difference between Douglass’s and Jacobs’ narratives is their gender. Their gender has a direct impact on the experiences they had and how their got to their freedo m. In Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl, HarrietRead MoreStanding Solider, Kneeling Slaves By Kirk Savage Essay1402 Words   |  6 Pagesproblems Savage proposes of slavery, racism, and gender inequality. Savage touches on the basis that blackness was virtually equated with slavery so almost every African American was a slave in the 1860s who worked hard in different fields of labor. African Americans were not only already treated very unfairly because of their place in society as a slave but they were also dehumanized and not looked at as a contributing factor of society. He further discusses this idea that within slave labor, slavesRead MoreMajor Causes And Consequences Of The American Civil War1443 Words   |  6 Pagesbecause of a discrepancy on how to handle slavery. The difference in opinion is most likely a result of political, economic, and religious tension within the country. Before a civil war was even thought about, southern leaders spoke of freeing their slaves and many predicted the demise of slavery due to a lack of efficiency. In 1793 with Eli Whitney’s cotton gin, cotton soon became the most popular southern crop leading to a revival of interest in slavery. With cotton, the south gained a large amountRead MoreSkin Differentiation Within The African American Community1516 Words   |  7 Pages Skin Differentiation Within the African American Community Ebony S. Jackson HIST 221: African American History before 1877 American Public University Loni Bramson Skin Differentiation Within the African American Community It seems like modern day African Americans are constantly haunted by their past. There are sayings that African Americans do not have a direct cultural connect to their initial West African roots. Different factors, which resulted from enslavement of AfricansRead MoreEssay on The Confined Voices of Female Slaves1690 Words   |  7 Pagesexperience on slave lives and reveal the truth about slavery. Through the writing of narratives, slaves hoped to expose the cruel and inhumane aspects of slavery and their struggles, sorrows, and triumphs. In the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, slave narratives were important means of opening a dialogue between blacks and whites about slavery and freedom. Some slave narratives were crafted to enlighten white readers about the realities of slavery as an institution and the humanity of blackRead MoreThe Narrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave And Harriet Jacobs s Incidents994 Words   |  4 Pagesperspective as slaves and dangerous, agonizing life. Nevertheless, there are also many dissimilarities between these narratives, including gender based treatments, main character’s first steps towards freedom, and main character’s personality. According to their narratives, Douglass and Jacobs were subjected to diverse treatments in their lives based on their gender. For example, Douglass’s masters whipped, starved, and tortured Douglass. However, unlike Jacobs, he was not exposed to rape. As DouglassRead MoreBlack Sexual Politics1702 Words   |  7 Pagescritical analysis of blacks in America and blacks as a race. The book analyzes this race on various levels, and these levels include, but are not limited to the following: the concept of â€Å"new† racism, gender ideology within the race, and the potential for progression of the racial politics. Collins makes many points and observations about the effect that blacks’ interactions have on each other and their view in society. 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Goods Spend Analysis Free Essays

Individual Assignment Goods Spend Analysis Prepared by: Anjela Li Date: January 13, 2012 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Introduction3 2. Goods Spend Analysis: How is it conducted? 4 3. We will write a custom essay sample on Goods Spend Analysis or any similar topic only for you Order Now Key Triggers5 4. How spend analysis fits the procurement strategy6 1. Introduction Spend analysis  is the process of collecting, cleansing, classifying and analyzing expenditure data with the purpose of reducing procurement costs, improving efficiency and monitoring compliance. It can also be leveraged in other areas of business such as inventory management, budgeting and planning, and product development. There are three core areas of spend analysis – visibility, analysis and process. By leveraging all three, companies can generate answers to the crucial questions affecting their spending, including: ? What am I really spending? ? With whom am I spending it? ? Am I getting what’s been promised for that spend? Spend analysis is often viewed as part of a larger domain known as  spend management  which incorporates spend analysis, commodity management and  strategic sourcing. Companies perform spend analysis for several reasons. The core business driver for most organizations is profitability. In addition to improving compliance and reducing cycle times, performing detailed spend analysis helps companies find new areas of savings that previously went untapped, and hold onto past areas of savings that they have already negotiated. Benefits of Spend Data Management: [pic] 2. Goods Spend Analysis: How is it conducted? 3 major components of a spend analysis: Component |Activity |Typical deliverable | |(a)Opportunity assessment |Collect and validate category spend data/diagnose |High level spend analysis | | |company spend |Savings opportunity ranges | | |Analyze industry/market trends |Sourcing project plan | | |Prioritize and sequence opportunities |Sourcing maturity assessment | |(b)Creation of category profile |Define category spend by supplier, spend, |Detailed baseline spend analysis | |(c)Marketplace assessment |region/customer |Preferred parts list | | |Determine category requirements, specifications, |Industry and supply market analyses | | |forecast |Total cost components | | |Determine total cost components |Potential switching/change out osts (ex: replacement cost| | |Conduct detailed supply market and value chain analysis |of propane tanks when switching suppliers should be | | |Determine supplier universe and identify potential |considered when creating a sourcing strategy and in the | | |suppliers |analysis for potential savings) | | |Collect feedback from stakeholders regarding supplier | | | |performance | | 3. Key Triggers ? Spend by type of goods: provides visibility of what the money is spent for and enables further analysis to apply 80/20 rule to define the top 20% of goods that represent 80% of spend. A proper spend analysis by type of goods typically requires splitting main product categories into subcategories to provide visibility of â€Å"hidden† costs ? Spend by a Business Unit: provides visibility of spend by end customer, i. e. ho spends the money, compliance rate to the possible existing preferred supplier agreements and whether or not the spend is fragmented within the organization ? Spend by Supplier (enterprise view): allows understanding of who the money is spent with, how fragmented spend is within the supplier base and whether an opportunity exists for volume concentration ? Spend by Supplier (by Business Unit): allows visibility of the breakdown of spend among suppliers within a specific Business Unit. This helps to define whether there are common suppliers that are being used across all Business Units and whether an opportunity exists to gain a better price leverage by consolidating the volume for specific products across all Business Units. This type of analysis also prompts sourcing specialists to engage with stakeholders to understand whether there were any supplier performance concerns that might potentially impact distribution of spend and therefore, should be addressed and considered at the stage of building new strategic sourcing strategies 4. How spend analysis fits the procurement strategy A proper spend analysis allows to build effective sourcing strategies, which can be leverage oriented, relationship oriented or a combination of both (see Figure 1 below). The sourcing strategy for the category will depend on three factors: a) How competitive is the supplier marketplace? b) How aligned are your organization’s users on the need versus opportunity to test incumbent relationships? ) What alternatives to a competitive assessment exist for your organization in this or connected categories? Typically, if there are categories with High/Low Business impact and Low Market complexity the left side of the Sourcing Gemstone will be used: Volume Concentration, Best Price Evaluation or Global sourcing. If more complex markets are confronted (Ex: sole source supplier situation, single source supplier due to complexities in the product specifications and/or industry regulations, lack of substitute suppliers or products, other suppliers vs. the incumbent had critical performance issues in the past, long term industry shortage due to the economic downturn in the global market, etc. we may want to consider Product Specification Improvements, Joint Process Improvements or Relationship Restructuring strategies. It is also important to acknowledge that commonly, the higher the maturity of a specific category, the lower is the opportunity to capture high net dollar savings through a competitive event effort and the more is the need to focus on strengthening the relationship with your preferred supplier and reap the benefits of a joint effort in areas related to the right hand side of the Gemstone (Ex: p roduct standardization, electronic invoicing, product innovation, etc. ) Figure 1 [pic] Supply Market Complexity (High) ———————– High Business Impact How to cite Goods Spend Analysis, Papers

The Cultures of Colonial North America free essay sample

The Enlightment and the Great Awakening were both huge impacts on the colonial regions of North America. During the Enlightment, the thinkers were arguing that the universe was governed by natural laws that people could understand and apply to their own advantage. The writers were emphasizing rationality, harmony, and order. Sons were being sent to college during this time and many people were reading and writing. However the Enlightment did cause a decline in religious devotion. The Great Awakening was a response to the Enlightment because it challenged the rationalist approach to religion by having ministers preach more emotionally than rationally, by having people find relief in religious enthusiasm, and by having like-minded men be trained for the ministry. Before the Great Awakening, people were listening to ministers who were preaching rationally and not emotionally. The poor young people began to grow disaffected as they were forced to postpone marriages because of scarcity and expense of the land needed to farm a household. We will write a custom essay sample on The Cultures of Colonial North America or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page They refused to attend church meetings and would instead gather together at night for frolics, increasing their discontent. In the 1730s, Reverend Jonathan Edwards began a movement to challenge the rationalist approach on religion. He made the young people his target. He believed that their hearts needed to be touched in a way that appealed to their emotions. He preached and church membership began to grow with people wondering what they could do to be saved. People then began to listen to ministers preaching emotionally, rather than to ministers preaching rationally. People began to feel relief in religious enthusiasm. The people were going through economic and social stresses at this time, being unable to find land and unsure whether to marry, and to participate in the promise of a growing economy. This widespread colonial revival of religion became known as the Great Awakening. It is seen as the American version of the Protestant Reformation. Religious leaders established this with calls for piety and purity. During the Great Awakening, ministers began to be taught to preach emotionally. William Tennent established a school in Pennsylvania to train like-minded men for the ministry. His Log College evolved in the College of New Jersey. William Tennent toured with George Whitefield to deliver the famous sermon The Dangers of an Unconverted Ministry. This sermon told Protestants to examine the religious convictions of their own ministries. Conflict did break out, and in some regions the church hierarchy divided into separate organizations. The Enlightment and the Great Awakening go hand-in-hand in impacting the colonies of North America. The Enlightment was a time when there was a decline in religious devotion, but the Great Awakening was a colonial revival in the spread of religion. The Great Awakening was a response to the Enlightment because it challenged the rationalist approach to religion by having ministers preach more emotionally than rationally, by having people find relief in religious enthusiasm, and by having like-minded men be trained tor the ministry. The Great Awakening helped many economically and socially stressed people find relief in religion.